Variceal Bleeding

Variceal bleeding is a severe and life-threatening condition caused by ruptured varices—enlarged veins that develop in the digestive tract due to increased pressure in the portal vein (portal hypertension). These varices most commonly form in the esophagus and stomach when the liver’s blood flow is obstructed, often due to cirrhosis or other chronic liver diseases.

Causes of Variceal Bleeding

Variceal bleeding primarily results from conditions that increase portal vein pressure, including:

Liver-Related Causes:

• Liver Cirrhosis – Scarring of the liver due to alcohol, viral hepatitis, or fatty liver disease.

• Liver Failure – Advanced liver damage reducing its ability to regulate blood flow.

• Hepatic Vein Thrombosis (Budd-Chiari Syndrome) – Blockage of veins carrying blood from the liver.

• Schistosomiasis – A parasitic infection that causes liver and spleen enlargement.

Symptoms of Variceal Bleeding

• Vomiting blood (hematemesis)

• Black, tarry stools (melena)

• Sudden drop in blood pressure (shock)

• Lightheadedness or fainting

• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)

• Abdominal swelling (ascites) in chronic liver disease cases

Variceal bleeding is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Treatment options include endoscopic procedures, medications to reduce portal pressure, and, in severe cases, liver transplantation.