Endoscopic Biopsy

An endoscopic biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small tissue sample is taken from the digestive tract using an endoscope—a flexible tube with a camera and specialized tools. This procedure helps diagnose conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and other parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by examining the tissue under a microscope.

Why is an Endoscopic Biopsy Performed?

An endoscopic biopsy is performed to diagnose and evaluate:

• Gastrointestinal Cancers – Esophageal, stomach, and colorectal cancers.

• Peptic Ulcers – To check for H. pylori infection or signs of malignancy.

• Inflammatory Conditions – Such as gastritis, esophagitis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Celiac Disease – To confirm damage to the small intestine lining.

• Polyps and Abnormal Growths – To determine if they are benign or cancerous.

Types of Endoscopic Biopsy

• Upper GI Endoscopic Biopsy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) – Examines the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine.

• Colonoscopy Biopsy – Checks the colon and rectum for polyps, inflammation, or cancer.

• Sigmoidoscopy Biopsy – Focuses on the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon and rectum).

• Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy (EUS Biopsy) – Uses ultrasound imaging to guide the biopsy, often for deeper tissues like the pancreas.

Procedure of an Endoscopic Biopsy

1. Preparation – Patients may need to fast for several hours before the procedure. In cases of colonoscopy, a bowel cleansing regimen is required.

2. Sedation – A mild sedative is usually given for comfort.

3. Endoscope Insertion – The doctor inserts the endoscope through the mouth (for upper GI) or the rectum (for colonoscopy).

4. Tissue Sample Collection – A small instrument is used to remove a sample from the affected area.

5. Recovery – Patients are monitored briefly after the procedure and can usually go home the same day.

6. Laboratory Analysis – The sample is examined under a microscope to diagnose infections, inflammation, or cancer.

Risks and Complications

Endoscopic biopsy is generally safe but may involve:

• Minor bleeding at the biopsy site

• Sore throat (after an upper GI biopsy)

• Bloating or mild discomfort

• Rare complications like infection or perforation

Results and Follow-Up

Biopsy results typically take a few days. If abnormalities are found, further testing or treatment may be required. Early detection through endoscopic biopsy is crucial for effective management of many GI diseases, including cancer.