Acute Liver Failure

Acute Liver Failure

Acute Liver Failure (ALF) is a rapid loss of liver function occurring within days or weeks in a previously healthy individual. It is a life-threatening condition that can lead to jaundice, coagulopathy (blood clotting issues), encephalopathy (brain dysfunction), and multi-organ failure. Immediate medical intervention is crucial to prevent severe complications, including death.

Causes of Acute Liver Failure

Acute Liver Failure can be caused by:

1. Drug-Induced Liver Injury (Most Common Cause)

• Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Overdose – The leading cause worldwide.

• Certain Medications – Anti-tuberculosis drugs, antibiotics, NSAIDs, herbal supplements.

2. Viral Infections

• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E – Viral hepatitis can cause liver failure.

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).

3. Toxins and Poisons

• Amanita phalloides (Death Cap Mushroom) Poisoning.

• Exposure to Industrial Chemicals (e.g., carbon tetrachloride).

4. Autoimmune and Metabolic Disorders

• Autoimmune Hepatitis – The immune system attacks liver cells.

• Wilson’s Disease – A rare genetic disorder causing copper buildup in the liver.

5. Ischemic Hepatitis (Shock Liver)

• Reduced blood supply to the liver due to heart failure, sepsis, or severe hypotension.

Symptoms of Acute Liver Failure

• Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).

• Dark-colored urine and pale stools.

• Severe fatigue and weakness.

• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

• Abdominal pain and swelling.

• Confusion, disorientation, and coma (Hepatic Encephalopathy).

• Bleeding tendencies (nosebleeds, gum bleeding, bruising easily).

Diagnosis of Acute Liver Failure

• Blood Tests – Elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST), high bilirubin, impaired clotting factors.

• Imaging (Ultrasound, CT, MRI) – To detect liver damage or obstruction.

• Liver Biopsy – Determines the cause of liver failure.

Treatment for Acute Liver Failure

• Hospitalization in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

• Acetaminophen Antidote (N-Acetylcysteine) – If overdose is the cause.

• Plasma Exchange or Dialysis – Helps manage toxin buildup.

• Medications to Reduce Brain Swelling (Encephalopathy).

• Liver Transplantation – The only definitive cure in severe cases.

Complications of Acute Liver Failure

• Cerebral Edema (Brain Swelling).

• Multi-Organ Failure (Kidneys, Lungs, Heart).

• Sepsis and Infections.

• Massive Internal Bleeding.

Prevention of Acute Liver Failure

• Avoid Excessive Acetaminophen Use – Follow dosage guidelines.

• Get Vaccinated for Hepatitis A and B.

• Avoid Alcohol and Toxins that Harm the Liver.

• Practice Safe Medication Use – Avoid self-medication and monitor liver-toxic drugs.

Acute Liver Failure is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization. Early detection and prompt treatment can prevent irreversible liver damage and improve survival chances.