Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver, potentially leading to liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer if left untreated. It is caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood. Unlike Hepatitis B, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, but effective treatments are available.

Causes of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C spreads through:

• Blood-to-blood contact (sharing needles, syringes, or medical equipment).

• Unsafe blood transfusions (before widespread screening).

• Unsterilized medical or dental procedures in some regions.

• Needle-stick injuries in healthcare settings.

• Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth (rare).

• Sharing personal items (razors, toothbrushes) with an infected person.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is often called a “silent infection” because many people show no symptoms for years or even decades. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (Jaundice).

• Dark-colored urine (tea-colored).

• Pale or clay-colored stools.

• Fatigue and weakness.

• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

• Abdominal pain or swelling.

• Joint pain and muscle aches.

• Unexplained weight loss.

Acute vs. Chronic Hepatitis C

• Acute Hepatitis C – Short-term infection that may resolve on its own (within 6 months).

• Chronic Hepatitis C – Long-term infection that can cause serious liver damage over time.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

• HCV Antibody Test – Detects past or current infection.

• HCV RNA Test – Confirms active viral infection.

• Liver Function Tests – Measures liver enzyme levels.

• Liver Biopsy or Fibroscan – Evaluates liver damage or fibrosis.

Treatment for Hepatitis C

• Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) – Highly effective medications that cure over 95% of cases in 8–12 weeks. Common DAAs include:

  • Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir (Harvoni)

  • Sofosbuvir + Velpatasvir (Epclusa)

  • Glecaprevir + Pibrentasvir (Mavyret)

• Liver Transplant – For advanced liver failure or liver cancer.

Possible Complications of Hepatitis C

• Liver Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).

• Liver Failure requiring transplantation.

• Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancer).

Prevention of Hepatitis C

• Avoid sharing needles or syringes.

• Ensure medical and dental equipment is sterilized.

• Practice safe sex to reduce blood exposure risk.

• Screen blood donations and organ transplants.

Hepatitis C is a curable disease with early diagnosis and treatment. Regular screening, awareness, and medical care are essential to prevent complications and protect liver health.