Hematemesis

Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood, indicating bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The blood may appear bright red (fresh bleeding) or dark and coffee-ground-like (partially digested blood). Hematemesis is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention, as it may indicate a life-threatening condition.

Causes of Hematemesis

Hematemesis can result from various conditions affecting the stomach, esophagus, or upper intestines, including:

Gastrointestinal Causes:

• Peptic Ulcers – Open sores in the stomach or duodenum caused by H. pylori infection or prolonged NSAID use.

• Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach lining due to infection, alcohol, or medication.

• Esophageal or Gastric Varices – Swollen veins in the esophagus or stomach due to liver disease and portal hypertension, which may rupture and cause severe bleeding.

• Mallory-Weiss Tear – A tear in the lining of the esophagus or stomach, often caused by forceful vomiting.

• Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus, commonly due to acid reflux (GERD) or infections.

• Stomach or Esophageal Cancer – Tumors in the upper GI tract that may bleed.

Symptoms of Hematemesis

• Vomiting blood (bright red or coffee-ground-like)

• Nausea and abdominal pain

• Dizziness or fainting (due to blood loss)

• Weakness and fatigue

• Rapid heartbeat and low blood pressure (shock in severe cases)

• Black, tarry stools (melena), indicating digested blood

Treatment for Hematemesis

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of bleeding:

• Endoscopic procedures – To stop bleeding from ulcers, varices, or tears.

• Medications – Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for ulcers, antibiotics for H. pylori, and drugs to reduce portal hypertension.

• Blood transfusion – If significant blood loss occurs.

• Surgery – In severe cases where other treatments fail.

Hematemesis is a medical emergency. Anyone experiencing it should seek immediate medical care to prevent complications such as severe blood loss and shock.